Electronic Trading: The Nasdaq Vs. The NYSE

From a glance, the difference between the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq may not be marked. The NYSE lists household names like Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, Citicorp, and General Electric, whereas the Nasdaq is home to many of the tech giants such as Microsoft, Cisco, Intel, Oracle and Sun Microsystems. Besides the heavy tech weighting, the fundamental difference between the two exchanges is in the way securities are traded.

NYSE

The NYSE is an auction market that uses floor traders to make most of its trades. Each stock on the NYSE has a specialist; this is a person who oversees and facilitates all of the trades for a particular stock. If you wish to buy a stock that trades on the NYSE, your broker will either call your order to a floor broker, or enter it into the DOT system (which we will discuss later on). (For more insight, see Markets Demystified and The Tale Of Two Exchanges: NYSE and Nasdaq.)

Nasdaq

The Nasdaq, on the other hand, is not a physical entity. The Nasdaq might be known for its fancy MarketSite Tower and broadcast studio in Times Square, but very little is done there. The Nasdaq is an over-the-counter (OTC) market and it relies on market makers rather than specialists to facilitate trading and liquidity in stocks. For each stock, there is at least one market maker, (large stocks such as Microsoft have several), whose duties we will discuss later on. (Want to learn more? Read What's the difference between a Nasdaq market maker and a NYSE specialist?)

Rather than being an auction market, the Nasdaq is a communications network between thousands of computers. Instead of brokers calling out orders, market makers place their names on a list of buyers and sellers, which is then distributed by the Nasdaq in a split second to thousands of other computers. If you wish to buy a stock that trades on the Nasdaq, your broker will either call up a market maker with the information of your trade or enter your order into a Nasdaq-sponsored online execution system.

Stock-Picking Strategies: CAN SLIM

CAN SLIM is a philosophy of screening, purchasing and selling common stock. Developed by William O'Neil, the co-founder of Investor's Business Daily, it is described in his highly recommended book "How to Make Money in Stocks".

The name may suggest some boring government agency, but this acronym actually stands for a very successful investment strategy. What makes CAN SLIM different is its attention to tangibles such as earnings, as well as intangibles like a company's overall strength and ideas. The best thing about this strategy is that there's evidence that it works: there are countless examples of companies that, over the last half of the 20th century, met CAN SLIM criteria before increasing enormously in price. In this section we explore each of the seven components of the CAN SLIM system.

C = Current Earnings
O'Neil emphasizes the importance of choosing stocks whose earnings per share (EPS) in the most recent quarter have grown on a yearly basis. For example, a company's EPS figures reported in this year's April-June quarter should have grown relative to the EPS figures for that same three-month period one year ago. (If you're unfamiliar with EPS, see Types of EPS.)

How Much Growth?
The percentage of growth a company's EPS should show is somewhat debatable, but the CAN SLIM system suggests no less than 18-20%. O'Neil found that in the period from 1953 to 1993, three-quarters of the 500 top-performing equity securities in the U.S. showed quarterly earnings gains of at least 70% prior to a major price increase. The other one quarter of these securities showed price increases in two quarters after the earnings increases. This suggests that basically all of the high performance stocks showed outstanding quarter-on-quarter growth. Although 18-20% growth is a rule of thumb, the truly spectacular earners usually demonstrate growth of 50% or more.

Earnings Must Be Examined Carefully
The system strongly asserts that investors should know how to recognize low-quality earnings figures - that is, figures that are not accurate representations of company performance. Because companies may attempt to manipulate earnings, the CAN SLIM system maintains that investors must dig deep and look past the superficial numbers companies often put forth as earnings figures (see How to Evaluate the Quality of EPS).

O'Neil says that, once you confirm that a company's earnings are of fairly good quality, it's a good idea to check others in the same industry. Solid earnings growth in the industry confirms the industry is thriving and the company is ready to break out.


A = Annual Earnings
CAN SLIM also acknowledges the importance of annual earnings growth. The system indicates that a company should have shown good annual growth (annual EPS) in each of the last five years.

How Much Annual Earnings Growth?
It's important that the CAN SLIM investor, like the value investor, adopt the mindset that investing is the act of buying a piece of a business, becoming an owner of it. This mindset is the logic behind choosing companies with annual earnings growth within the 25-50% range. As O'Neil puts it, "who wants to own part of an establishment showing no growth"?

Wal-Mart?
O'Neil points to Wal-Mart as an example of a company whose strong annual growth preceded a large run-up in share price. Between 1977 and 1990, Wal-Mart displayed an average annual earnings growth of 43%. The graph below demonstrates how successful Wal-Mart was after its remarkable annual growth.



A Quick Re-Cap
The first two parts of the CAN SLIM system are fairly logical steps employing quantitative analysis. By identifying a company that has demonstrated strong earnings both quarterly and annually, you have a good basis for a solid stock-pick. However, the beauty of the system is that it applies five more criteria to stocks before they are selected.

N = New
O'Neil's third criterion for a good company is that it has recently undergone a change, which is often necessary for a company to become successful. Whether it is a new management team, a new product, a new market, or a new high in stock price, O'Neil found that 95% of the companies he studied had experienced something new.

McDonald's
A perfect example of how newness spawns success can be seen in McDonald's past. With the introduction of its new fast food franchises, it grew over 1100% in four years from 1967 to 1971! And this is just one of many compelling examples of companies that, through doing or acquiring something new, achieved great things and rewarded their shareholders along the way.

New Stock Price Highs
O'Neil discusses how it is human nature to steer away from stocks with new price highs - people often fear that a company at new highs will have to trade down from this level. But O'Neil uses compelling historical data to show that stocks that have just reached new highs often continue on an upward trend to even higher levels.


S = Supply and Demand
The S in CAN SLIM stands for supply and demand, which refers to the laws that govern all market activities. (For further reading on how supply and demand determine price, see our Economics Basics tutorial.)

The analysis of supply and demand in the CAN SLIM method maintains that, all other things being equal, it is easier for a smaller firm, with a smaller number of shares outstanding, to show outstanding gains. The reasoning behind this is that a large cap company requires much more demand than a smaller cap company to demonstrate the same gains.

O'Neil explores this further and explains how the lack of liquidity of large institutional investors restricts them to buying only large-cap, blue chip companies, leaving these large investors at a serious disadvantage that small individual investors can capitalize on. Because of supply and demand, the large transactions that institutional investors make can inadvertently affect share price, especially if the stock's market capitalization is smaller. Because individual investors invest a relatively small amount, they can get in or out of a smaller company without pushing share price in an unfavorable direction.

In his study, O'Neil found that 95% of the companies displaying the largest gains in share price had fewer than 25 million shares outstanding when the gains were realized.

L = Leader or Laggard
In this part of CAN SLIM analysis, distinguishing between market leaders and market laggards is of key importance. In each industry, there are always those that lead, providing great gains to shareholders, and those that lag behind, providing returns that are mediocre at best. The idea is to separate the contenders from the pretenders.

Relative Price Strength
The relative price strength of a stock can range from 1 to 99, where a rank of 75 means the company, over a given period of time, has outperformed 75% of the stocks in its market group. CAN SLIM requires a stock to have a relative price strength of at least 70. However, O'Neil states that stocks with relative price strength in the 80–90 range are more likely to be the major gainers.

Sympathy and Laggards
Do not let your emotions pick stocks. A company may seem to have the same product and business model as others in its industry, but do not invest in that company simply because it appears cheap or evokes your sympathy. Cheap stocks are cheap for a reason, usually because they are market laggards. You may pay more now for a market leader, but it will be worth it in the end.
I = Institutional Sponsorship
CAN SLIM recognizes the importance of companies having some institutional sponsorship. Basically, this criterion is based on the idea that if a company has no institutional sponsorship, all of the thousands of institutional money managers have passed over the company. CAN SLIM suggests that a stock worth investing in has at least three to 10 institutional owners.

However, be wary if a very large portion of the company's stock is owned by institutions. CAN SLIM acknowledges that a company can be institutionally over-owned and, when this happens, it is too late to buy into the company. If a stock has too much institutional ownership, any kind of bad news could spark a spiraling sell-off.

O'Neil also explores all the factors that should be considered when determining whether a company's institutional ownership is of high quality. Even though institutions are labeled "smart money", some are a lot smarter than others.

M = Market Direction
The final CAN SLIM criterion is market direction. When picking stocks, it is important to recognize what kind of a market you are in, whether it is a bear or a bull. Although O'Neil is not a market timer, he argues that if investors don't understand market direction, they may end up investing against the trend and thus compromise gains or even lose significantly.

Daily Prices and Volumes
CAN SLIM maintains that the best way to keep track of market conditions is to watch the daily volumes and movements of the markets. This component of CAN SLIM may require the use of some technical analysis tools, which are designed to help investors/traders discern trends.



Conclusion
Here's a recap of the seven CAN SLIM criteria:

C = Current quarterly earnings per share - Earnings must be up at least 18-20%.
A = Annual earnings per share – These figures should show meaningful growth for the last five years.
N = New things - Buy companies with new products, new management, or significant new changes in industry conditions. Most importantly, buy stocks when they start to hit new price highs. Forget cheap stocks; they are that way for a reason.
S = Shares outstanding - This should be a small and reasonable number. CAN SLIM investors are not looking for older companies with a large capitalization.
L = Leaders - Buy market leaders, avoid laggards.
I = Institutional sponsorship - Buy stocks with at least a few institutional sponsors who have better-than-average recent performance records.
M = General market - The market will determine whether you win or lose, so learn how to discern the market's overall current direction, and interpret the general market indexes (price and volume changes) and action of the individual market leaders.
CAN SLIM is great because it provides solid guidelines, keeping subjectivity to a minimum. Best of all, it incorporates tactics from virtually all major investment strategies. Think of it as a combination of value, growth, fundamental, and even a little technical analysis.

Remember, this is only a brief introduction to the CAN SLIM strategy; this overview covers only a fraction of the valuable information in O'Neil's book, "How to Make Money in Stocks". We recommend you read the book to fully understand the underlying concepts of CAN SLIM.

Stock-Picking Strategies: Income Investing

Income investing, which aims to pick companies that provide a steady stream of income, is perhaps one of the most straightforward stock-picking strategies. When investors think of steady income they commonly think of fixed-income securities such as bonds. However, stocks can also provide a steady income by paying a solid dividend. Here we look at the strategy that focuses on finding these kinds of stocks.

Who Pays Dividends?
Income investors usually end up focusing on older, more established firms, which have reached a certain size and are no longer able to sustain higher levels of growth. These companies generally no longer are in rapidly expanding industries and so instead of reinvesting retained earnings into themselves (as many high-flying growth companies do), mature firms tend to pay out retained earnings as dividends as a way to provide a return to their shareholders.

Thus, dividends are more prominent in certain industries. Utility companies, for example, have historically paid a fairly decent dividend, and this trend should continue in the future. (For more on the resurgence of dividends following the tech boom, see How Dividends Work For Investors.)

Dividend Yield
Income investing is not simply about investing in companies with the highest dividends (in dollar figures). The more important gauge is the dividend yield, calculated by dividing the annual dividend per share by share price. This measures the actual return that a dividend gives the owner of the stock. For example, a company with a share price of $100 and a dividend of $6 per share has a 6% dividend yield, or 6% return from dividends. The average dividend yield for companies in the S&P 500 is 2-3%.

But income investors demand a much higher yield than 2-3%. Most are looking for a minimum 5-6% yield, which on a $1-million investment would produce an income (before taxes) of $50,000-$60,000. The driving principle behind this strategy is probably becoming pretty clear: find good companies with sustainable high dividend yields to receive a steady and predictable stream of money over the long term.

Another factor to consider with the dividend yield is a company's past dividend policy. Income investors must determine whether a prospective company can continue with its dividends. If a company has recently increased its dividend, be sure to analyze that decision. A large increase, say from 1.5% to 6%, over a short period such as a year or two, may turn out to be over-optimistic and unsustainable into the future. The longer the company has been paying a good dividend, the more likely it will continue to do so in the future. Companies that have had steady dividends over the past five, 10, 15, or even 50 years are likely to continue the trend.

An Example
There are many good companies that pay great dividends and also grow at a respectable rate. Perhaps the best example of this is Johnson & Johnson. From 1963 to 2004, Johnson & Johnson has increased its dividend every year. In fact, if you bought the stock in 1963 the dividend yield on your initial shares would have grown approximately 12% annually. Thirty years later, your earnings from dividends alone would have rendered a 48% annual return on your initial shares!

Here is a chart of Johnson & Johnson's share price (adjusted for splits and dividend payments), which demonstrates the power of the combination of dividend yield and company appreciation:



This chart should address the concerns of those who simply dismiss income investing as an extremely defensive and conservative investment style. When an initial investment appreciates over 225 times - including dividends - in about 20 years, that may be about as "sexy" as it gets.




Dividends Are Not Everything
You should never invest solely on the basis of dividends. Keep in mind that high dividends don't automatically indicate a good company. Because they are paid out of a company's net income, higher dividends will result in a lower retained earnings. Problems arise when the income that would have been better re-invested into the company goes to high dividends instead.

The income investing strategy is about more than using a stock screener to find the companies with the highest dividend yield. Because these yields are only worth something if they are sustainable, income investors must be sure to analyze their companies carefully, buying only ones that have good fundamentals. Like all other strategies discussed in this tutorial, the income investing strategy has no set formula for finding a good company. To determine the sustainability of dividends by means of fundamental analysis, each individual investor must use his or her own interpretive skills and personal judgment - for this reason, we won't get into what defines a "good company".

Stock Picking, not Fixed Income
Something to remember is that dividends do not equal lower risk. The risk associated with any equity security still applies to those with high dividend yields, although the risk can be minimized by picking solid companies.

Taxes Taxes Taxes
One final important note: in most countries and states/provinces, dividend payments are taxed at the same rate as your wages. As such, these payments tend to be taxed higher than capital gains, which is a factor that reduces your overall return.

Stock-Picking Strategies: GARP Investing

Do you feel that you now have a firm grasp of the principles of both value and growth investing? If you're comfortable with these two stock-picking methodologies, then you're ready to learn about a newer, hybrid system of stock selection. Here we take a look at growth at a reasonable price, or GARP.

What Is GARP?
The GARP strategy is a combination of both value and growth investing: it looks for companies that are somewhat undervalued and have solid sustainable growth potential. The criteria which GARPers look for in a company fall right in between those sought by the value and growth investors. Below is a diagram illustrating how the GARP-preferred levels of price and growth compare to the levels sought by value and growth investors:



What GARP Is NOT
Because GARP borrows principles from both value and growth investing, some misconceptions about the style persist. Critics of GARP claim it is a wishy-washy, fence-sitting method that fails to establish meaningful standards for distinguishing good stock picks. However, GARP doesn't deem just any stock a worthy investment. Like most respectable methodologies, it aims to identify companies that display very specific characteristics.

Another misconception is that GARP investors simply hold a portfolio with equal amounts of both value and growth stocks. Again, this is not the case: because each of their stock picks must meet a set of strict criteria, GARPers identify stocks on an individual basis, selecting stocks that have neither purely value nor purely growth characteristics, but a combination of the two.


Who Uses GARP?
One of the biggest supporters of GARP is Peter Lynch, whose philosophies we have already touched on in the section on qualitative analysis. Lynch has written several popular books, including "One Up on Wall Street" and "Learn to Earn", and in the late 1990s and early 2000 he starred in the Fidelity Investment commercials. Many consider Lynch the world's best fund manager, partly due to his 29% average annual return over a 13-year stretch from 1977-1990. (To learn more about Peter Lynch, check out Greatest Investors feature.)

The Hybrid Characteristics
Like growth investors, GARP investors are concerned with the growth prospects of a company: they like to see positive earnings numbers for the past few years, coupled with positive earnings projections for upcoming years. But unlike their growth-investing cousins, GARP investors are skeptical of extremely high growth estimations, such as those in the 25-50% range. Companies within this range carry too much risk and unpredictability for GARPers. To them, a safer and more realistic earnings growth rate lies somewhere between 10-20%.

Something else that GARPers and growth investors share is their attention to the ROE figure. For both investing types, a high and increasing ROE relative to the industry average is an indication of a superior company.

GARPers and growth investors share other metrics to determine growth potential. They do, however, have different ideas about what the ideal levels exhibited by the different metrics should be, and both types of investors have varying tastes in what they like to see in a company. An example of what many GARPers like to see is positive cash flow or, in some cases, positive earnings momentum.

Because a variety of additional criteria can be used to evaluate growth, GARP investors can customize their stock-picking system to their personal style. Exercising subjectivity is an inherent part of using GARP. So if you use this strategy, you must analyze companies in relation to their unique contexts (just as you would with growth investing). Since there is no magic formula for confirming growth prospects, investors must rely on their own interpretation of company performance and operating conditions.

It would be hard to discuss any stock-picking strategy without mentioning its use of the P/E ratio. Although they look for higher P/E ratios than value investors do, GARPers are wary of the high P/E ratios favored by growth investors. A growth investor may invest in a company trading at 50 or 60 times earnings, but the GARP investor sees this type of investing as paying too much money for too much uncertainty. The GARPer is more likely to pick companies with P/E ratios in the 15-25 range - however, this is a rough estimate, not an inflexible rule GARPers follow without any regard for a company's context.

In addition to a preference for a lower P/E ratio, the GARP investor shares the value investor's attraction to a low price-to-book ratio (P/B) ratio, specifically a P/B of below industry average. A low P/E and P/B are the two more prominent criteria with which GARPers in part mirror value investing. They may use other similar or differing criteria, but the main idea is that a GARP investor is concerned about present valuations.

By the Numbers
Now that we know what GARP investing is, let's delve into some of the numbers that GARPers look for in potential companies.

The PEG Ratio
The PEG ratio may very well be the most important metric to any GARP investor, as it basically gauges the balance between a stock's growth potential and its value. (If you're unfamiliar with the PEG ratio, see: How the PEG Ratio Can Help Investors.)

GARP investors require a PEG no higher than 1 and, in most cases, closer to 0.5. A PEG of less than 1 implies that, at present, the stock's price is lower than it should be given its earnings growth. To the GARP investor, a PEG below 1 indicates that a stock is undervalued and warrants further analysis.

PEG at Work
Say the TSJ Sports Conglomerate, a fictional company, is trading at 19 times earnings (P/E = 19) and has earnings growing at 30%. From this you can calculate that the TSJ has a PEG of 0.63 (19/30=0.63), which is pretty good by GARP standards.

Now let's compare the TSJ to Cory's Tequila Co (CTC), which is trading at 11 times earnings (P/E = 11) and has earnings growth of 20%. Its PEG equals 0.55. The GARPer's interest would be aroused by the TSJ, but CTC would look even more attractive. Although it has slower growth compared to TSJ, CTC currently has a better price given its growth potential. In other words, CTC has slower growth, but TSJ's faster growth is more overpriced. As you can see, the GARP investor seeks solid growth, but also demands that this growth be valued at a reasonable price. Hey, the name does make sense!



GARP at Work
Because a GARP strategy employs principles from both value and growth investing, the returns that GARPers see during certain market phases are often different than the returns strictly value or growth investors would see at those times. For instance, in a raging bull market the returns from a growth strategy are often unbeatable: in the dotcom boom of the mid- to late-1990s, for example, neither the value investor nor the GARPer could compete. However, when the market does turn, a GARPer is less likely to suffer than the growth investor.

Therefore, the GARP strategy not only fuses growth and value stock-picking criteria, but also experiences a combination of their types of returns: a value investor will do better in bearish conditions; a growth investor will do exceptionally well in a raging bull market; and a GARPer will be rewarded with more consistent and predictable returns.

Conclusion
GARP might sound like the perfect strategy, but combining growth and value investing isn't as easy as it sounds. If you don't master both strategies, you could find yourself buying mediocre rather than good GARP stocks. But as many great investors such as Peter Lynch himself have proven, the returns are definitely worth the time it takes to learn the GARP techniques.

Stock-Picking Strategies: Growth Investing

In the late 1990s, when technology companies were flourishing, growth investing techniques yielded unprecedented returns for investors. But before any investor jumps onto the growth investing bandwagon, s/he should realize that this strategy comes with substantial risks and is not for everyone.

Value versus Growth
The best way to define growth investing is to contrast it to value investing. Value investors are strictly concerned with the here and now; they look for stocks that, at this moment, are trading for less than their apparent worth. Growth investors, on the other hand, focus on the future potential of a company, with much less emphasis on its present price. Unlike value investors, growth investors buy companies that are trading higher than their current intrinsic worth - but this is done with the belief that the companies' intrinsic worth will grow and therefore exceed their current valuations.

As the name suggests, growth stocks are companies that grow substantially faster than others. Growth investors are therefore primarily concerned with young companies. The theory is that growth in earnings and/or revenues will directly translate into an increase in the stock price. Typically a growth investor looks for investments in rapidly expanding industries especially those related to new technology. Profits are realized through capital gains and not dividends as nearly all growth companies reinvest their earnings and do not pay a dividend.

No Automatic Formula
Growth investors are concerned with a company's future growth potential, but there is no absolute formula for evaluating this potential. Every method of picking growth stocks (or any other type of stock) requires some individual interpretation and judgment. Growth investors use certain methods - or sets of guidelines or criteria - as a framework for their analysis, but these methods must be applied with a company's particular situation in mind. More specifically, the investor must consider the company in relation to its past performance and its industry's performance. The application of any one guideline or criterion may therefore change from company to company and from industry to industry.

The NAIC
The National Association of Investors Corporation (NAIC) is one of the best known organizations using and teaching the growth investing strategy. It is, as it says on its website, "one big investment club" whose goal is to teach investors how to invest wisely. The NAIC has developed some basic "universal" guidelines for finding possible growth companies - here's a look at some of the questions the NAIC suggests you should ask when considering stocks.

1. Strong Historical Earnings Growth?
According to the NAIC, the first question a growth investor should ask is whether the company, based on annual revenue, has been growing in the past. Below are rough guidelines for the rate of EPS growth an investor should look for in companies of differing sizes, which would indicate their growth investing potential:




Although the NAIC suggests that companies display this type of EPS growth in at least the last five years, a 10-year period of this growth is even more attractive. The basic idea is that if a company has displayed good growth (as defined by the above chart) over the last five- or 10-year period, it is likely to continue doing so in the next five to 10 years.

2. Strong Forward Earnings Growth?
The second criterion set out by the NAIC is a projected five-year growth rate of at least 10-12%, although 15% or more is ideal. These projections are made by analysts, the company or other credible sources.

The big problem with forward estimates is that they are estimates. When a growth investor sees an ideal growth projection, he or she, before trusting this projection, must evaluate its credibility. This requires knowledge of the typical growth rates for different sizes of companies. For example, an established large cap will not be able to grow as quickly as a younger small-cap tech company. Also, when evaluating analyst consensus estimates, an investor should learn about the company's industry - specifically, what its prospects are and what stage of growth it is at. (See The Stages of Industry Growth.)

3. Is Management Controlling Costs and Revenues?
The third guideline set out by the NAIC focuses specifically on pre-tax profit margins. There are many examples of companies with astounding growth in sales but less than outstanding gains in earnings. High annual revenue growth is good, but if EPS has not increased proportionately, it's likely due to a decrease in profit margin.

By comparing a company's present profit margins to its past margins and its competition's profit margins, a growth investor is able to gauge fairly accurately whether or not management is controlling costs and revenues and maintaining margins. A good rule of thumb is that if company exceeds its previous five-year average of pre-tax profit margins as well as those of its industry, the company may be a good growth candidate.

4. Can Management Operate the Business Efficiently?
Efficiency can be quantified by using return on equity (ROE). Efficient use of assets should be reflected in a stable or increasing ROE. Again, analysis of this metric should be relative: a company's present ROE is best compared to the five-year average ROE of the company and the industry.

5. Can the Stock Price Double in Five Years?
If a stock cannot realistically double in five years, it's probably not a growth stock. That's the general consensus. This may seem like an overly high, unrealistic standard, but remember that with a growth rate of 10%, a stock's price would double in seven years. So the rate growth investors are seeking is 15% per annum, which yields a doubling in price in five years.

An Example
Now that we've outlined the NAIC's basic criteria for evaluating growth stocks, let's demonstrate how these criteria are used to analyze a company, using Microsoft's 2003 figures. For the sake of this demonstration, we'll discuss these numbers as though they were Microsoft's most current figures (that is, "today's figures").

1. Five-Year Earnings Figures


• Five-year average annual sales growth is 15.94%.
• Five-year average annual EPS growth is 10.91%.

Both of these are strong figures. The annual EPS growth is well above the 5% standard the NAIC sets out for firms of Microsoft's size.

2. Strong Projected Earnings Growth


• Five-year projected average annual earnings growth is 11.03%.

The projected growth figures are strong, but not exceptional.

3. Costs and Revenue Control


• Pre-tax margin in most recent fiscal year is 45.80%.
• Five-year average fiscal pre-tax margin is 50.88%.
• Industry's five-year average pre-tax margin is 26.7%.

There are two ways to look at this. The trend is down 5.08% (50.88% - 45.80%) from the five-year average, which is negative. But notice that the industry's average margin is only 26.7%. So even though Microsoft's margins have dropped, they're still a great deal higher than those of its industry.

4. ROE


• Most recent fiscal year-end is ROE 16.40%.
• Five-year average ROE is 19.80%.
• Industry average five-year ROE is 13.60%.

Again, it's a point of concern that the ROE figure is a little lower than the five-year average. However, like Microsoft's profit margin, the ROE is not drastically reduced - it's only down a few points and still well above the industry average.

5. Potential to Double in Five Years


• Stock is projected to appreciate by 254.7%.

The average analyst projections for Microsoft suggest that in five years the stock will not merely double in value, but it'll be worth 254.7% its current value.




Is Microsoft a Growth Stock?
On paper, Microsoft meets many NAIC's criteria for a growth stock. But it also falls short of others. If, for instance, we were to dismiss Microsoft because of its decreased margins and not compare them to the industry's margins, we would be ignoring the industry conditions within which Microsoft functions. On the other hand, when comparing Microsoft to its industry, we must still decide how telling it is that Microsoft has higher-than-average margins. Is Microsoft a good growth stock even though its industry may be maturing and facing declining margins? Can a company of its size find enough new markets to keep expanding?

Clearly there are arguments on both sides and there is no "right" answer. What these criteria do, however, is open up doorways of analysis through which we can dig deeper into a company's condition. Because no single set of criteria is infallible, the growth investor may want to adjust a set of guidelines by adding (or omitting) criteria. So, although we've provided five basic questions, it's important to note that the purpose of the example is to provide a starting point from which you can build your own growth screens.

Conclusion
It's not too complicated: growth investors are concerned with growth. The guiding principle of growth investing is to look for companies that keep reinvesting into themselves to produce new products and technology. Even though the stocks might be expensive in the present, growth investors believe that expanding top and bottom lines will ensure an investment pays off in the long run.

Stock-Picking Strategies: Qualitative Analysis

Fundamental analysis has a very wide scope. Valuing a company involves not only crunching numbers and predicting cash flows but also looking at the general, more subjective qualities of a company. Here we will look at how the analysis of qualitative factors is used for picking a stock.

Management
The backbone of any successful company is strong management. The people at the top ultimately make the strategic decisions and therefore serve as a crucial factor determining the fate of the company. To assess the strength of management, investors can simply ask the standard five Ws: who, where, what, when and why?

Who?
Do some research, and find out who is running the company. Among other things, you should know who its CEO, CFO, COO and CIO are. Then you can move onto the next question.

Where?
You need to find out where these people come from, specifically, their educational and employment backgrounds. Ask yourself if these backgrounds make the people suitable for directing the company in its industry. A management team consisting of people who come from completely unrelated industries should raise questions. If the CEO of a newly-formed mining company previously worked in the industry, ask yourself whether he or she has the necessary qualities to lead a mining company to success.

What and When?
What is the management philosophy? In other words, in what style do these people intend to manage the company? Some managers are more personable, promoting an open, transparent and flexible way of running the business. Other management philosophies are more rigid and less adaptable, valuing policy and established logic above all in the decision-making process. You can discern the style of management by looking at its past actions or by reading the annual report's management, discussion & analysis (MD&A) section. Ask yourself if you agree with this philosophy, and if it works for the company, given its size and the nature of its business.

Once you know the style of the managers, find out when this team took over the company. Jack Welch, for example, was CEO of General Electric for over 20 years. His long tenure is a good indication that he was a successful and profitable manager; otherwise, the shareholders and the board of directors wouldn't have kept him around. If a company is doing poorly, one of the first actions taken is management restructuring, which is a nice way of saying "a change in management due to poor results". If you see a company continually changing managers, it may be a sign to invest elsewhere.

At the same time, although restructuring is often brought on by poor management, it doesn't automatically mean the company is doomed. For example, Chrysler Corp was on the brink of bankruptcy when Lee Iacocca, the new CEO, came in and installed a new management team that renewed Chrysler's status as a major player in the auto industry. So, management restructuring may be a positive sign, showing that a struggling company is making efforts to improve its outlook and is about to see a change for the better.

Why?
A final factor to investigate is why these people have become managers. Look at the manager's employment history, and try to see if these reasons are clear. Does this person have the qualities you believe are needed to make someone a good manager for this company? Has s/he been hired because of past successes and achievements, or has s/he acquired the position through questionable means, such as self-appointment after inheriting the company? (For further reading, see: Get Tough on Management Puff and Evaluating a Company's Management.)

Know What a Company Does and How it Makes Money
A second important factor to consider when analyzing a company's qualitative factors is its product(s) or service(s). How does this company make money? In fancy MBA parlance, the question would be "What is the company's business model?"

Knowing how a company's activities will be profitable is fundamental to determining the worth of an investment. Often, people will boast about how profitable they think their new stock will be, but when you ask them what the company does, it seems their vision for the future is a little blurry: "Well, they have this high-tech thingamabob that does something with fiber-optic cables… ." If you aren't sure how your company will make money, you can't really be sure that its stock will bring you a return.

One of the biggest lessons taught by the dotcom bust of the late '90s is that not understanding a business model can have dire consequences. Many people had no idea how the dotcom companies were making money, or why they were trading so high. In fact, these companies weren't making any money; it's just that their growth potential was thought to be enormous. This led to overzealous buying based on a herd mentality, which in turn led to a market crash. But not everyone lost money when the bubble burst: Warren Buffett didn't invest in high-tech primarily because he didn't understand it. Although he was ostracized for this during the bubble, it saved him billions of dollars in the ensuing dotcom fallout. You need a solid understanding of how a company actually generates revenue in order to evaluate whether management is making the right decisions. (For more on this, see Getting to Know Business Models.)

Industry/Competition
Aside from having a general understanding of what a company does, you should analyze the characteristics of its industry, such as its growth potential. A mediocre company in a great industry can provide a solid return, while a mediocre company in a poor industry will likely take a bite out of your portfolio. Of course, discerning a company's stage of growth will involve approximation, but common sense can go a long way: it's not hard to see that the growth prospects of a high-tech industry are greater than those of the railway industry. It's just a matter of asking yourself if the demand for the industry is growing.

Market share is another important factor. Look at how Microsoft thoroughly dominates the market for operating systems. Anyone trying to enter this market faces huge obstacles because Microsoft can take advantage of economies of scale. This does not mean that a company in a near monopoly situation is guaranteed to remain on top, but investing in a company that tries to take on the "500-pound gorilla" is a risky venture.

Barriers against entry into a market can also give a company a significant qualitative advantage. Compare, for instance, the restaurant industry to the automobile or pharmaceuticals industries. Anybody can open up a restaurant because the skill level and capital required are very low. The automobile and pharmaceuticals industries, on the other hand, have massive barriers to entry: large capital expenditures, exclusive distribution channels, government regulation, patents and so on. The harder it is for competition to enter an industry, the greater the advantage for existing firms.

Brand Name
A valuable brand reflects years of product development and marketing. Take for example the most popular brand name in the world: Coca-Cola. Many estimate that the intangible value of Coke's brand name is in the billions of dollars! Massive corporations such as Procter & Gamble rely on hundreds of popular brand names like Tide, Pampers and Head & Shoulders. Having a portfolio of brands diversifies risk because the good performance of one brand can compensate for the underperformers.

Keep in mind that some stock-pickers steer clear of any company that is branded around one individual. They do so because, if a company is tied too closely to one person, any bad news regarding that person may hinder the company's share performance even if the news has nothing to do with company operations. A perfect example of this is the troubles faced by Martha Stewart Omnimedia as a result of Stewart's legal problems in 2004.

Don't Overcomplicate
You don't need a PhD in finance to recognize a good company. In his book "One Up on Wall Street", Peter Lynch discusses a time when his wife drew his attention to a great product with phenomenal marketing. Hanes was test marketing a product called L'eggs: women's pantyhose packaged in colorful plastic egg shells. Instead of selling these in department or specialty stores, Hanes put the product next to the candy bars, soda and gum at the checkouts of supermarkets - a brilliant idea since research showed that women frequented the supermarket about 12 times more often than the traditional outlets for pantyhose. The product was a huge success and became the second highest-selling consumer product of the 1970s.

Most women at the time would have easily seen the popularity of this product, and Lynch's wife was one of them. Thanks to her advice, he researched the company a little deeper and turned his investment in Hanes into a solid earner for Fidelity, while most of the male managers on Wall Street missed out. The point is that it's not only Wall Street analysts who are privy to information about companies; average everyday people can see such wonders too. If you see a local company expanding and doing well, dig a little deeper, ask around. Who knows, it may be the next Hanes.

Conclusion
Assessing a company from a qualitative standpoint and determining whether you should invest in it are as important as looking at sales and earnings. This strategy may be one of the simplest, but it is also one of the most effective ways to evaluate a potential investment.

P/E ratios explained

What Does Price-Earnings Ratio - P/E Ratio Mean?

A valuation ratio of a company's current share price compared to its per-share earnings.

Calculated as:

For example, if a company is currently trading at $43 a share and earnings over the last 12 months were $1.95 per share, the P/E ratio for the stock would be 22.05 ($43/$1.95).

EPS is usually from the last four quarters (trailing P/E), but sometimes it can be taken from the estimates of earnings expected in the next four quarters (projected or forward P/E). A third variation uses the sum of the last two actual quarters and the estimates of the next two quarters.

Also sometimes known as "price multiple" or "earnings multiple".

Price-Earnings Ratio - P/E Ratio

In general, a high P/E suggests that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to companies with a lower P/E. However, the P/E ratio doesn't tell us the whole story by itself. It's usually more useful to compare the P/E ratios of one company to other companies in the same industry, to the market in general or against the company's own historical P/E. It would not be useful for investors using the P/E ratio as a basis for their investment to compare the P/E of a technology company (high P/E) to a utility company (low P/E) as each industry has much different growth prospects.

The P/E is sometimes referred to as the "multiple", because it shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of earnings. If a company were currently trading at a multiple (P/E) of 20, the interpretation is that an investor is willing to pay $20 for $1 of current earnings.

It is important that investors note an important problem that arises with the P/E measure, and to avoid basing a decision on this measure alone. The denominator (earnings) is based on an accounting measure of earnings that is susceptible to forms of manipulation, making the quality of the P/E only as good as the quality of the underlying earnings number.

How to avoid taxes with an IRA

I just learned something AWESOME, maybe you already know this, but I had a question about taxes and trading profits in a Roth IRA.

My question was if you trade stocks in a Roth IRA and do not withdraw the profits but re-invest them are they taxed? Well here is the answer:


One of the most common and 100% IRS-approved ways for the active trader to avoid taxes is to trade within an IRA. Please note, I am not a CPA or Tax Advisor. These are simply a few observations from one trader to another (or would-be trader). Consult directly with your tax advisor prior to taking any action in regards to the following. All the same, this should serve as an introduction into how traders can trade tax free within an IRA structure.

Short term gains which are what are produced by active trading are taxed at your regular tax rate. Long term gains on investments held for one year or more are taxed at 20%. However, if you actively trade within your IRA, not only are ALL taxes deferred, you don't have to report any gains or losses. The reason being there is no tax effect on the gains/losses so the IRS doesn't care what happens.

A Roth IRA is an even better vehicle for active traders to trade within. Profits made within the Roth IRA structure are never required by the IRS to be reported. Besides, gains are never taxed if the rules are followed. Basically, you need to hold the Roth for a minimum of 5 years and be over 59 1/2 to withdrawal 100% tax free.

Many traders believe that one can only trade on the long side within an IRA. This isn't true. Short selling is permitted under certain guidelines. In addition your IRA can be traded on margin to magnify the gains.

The IRS may be the trader's nemesis, but knowledge of the beast will mitigate the harm in a completely legal and ethical manner.

Dave Goodboy is Vice President of Marketing for a New York City based multi-strategy fund.
That is great news, now I know that I can trade in my Roth IRA and not worry about taxes WOOHOO!

Value investing

I definitely fall under the category of value investor. I like the idea of buying stocks for less than they are worth. Who wants to pay full price, don't we all like a sale?
Well here is some information on what value investing is.

Value investing is an investment that derives from the ideas on investment and that Ben Graham began teaching at Columbia Business School in 1928 and subsequently developed in their 1934 text Security Analysis. Although value investing has taken many forms since its inception, it generally involves buying a stock whose shares appear under priced by some form(s) of fundamental analysis. As examples, such securities may be stock in public companies that trade at discounts to book value or tangible book value, have high dividend yields, have low price-to-earning multiples or have low price-to-book ratios.

High-profile proponents of value investing, including Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett, have argued that the essence of value investing is buying stocks at less than their intrinsic value. The discount of the market price to the intrinsic value is what Benjamin Graham called the "margin of safety". The intrinsic value is the discounted value of all future distributions.

However, the future distributions and the appropriate discount rate can only be assumptions. Warren Buffett has taken the value investing concept even further as his thinking has evolved to where for the last 25 years or so his focus has been on "finding an outstanding company at a sensible price" rather than generic companies at a bargain price.

Benjamin Graham

Benjamin Graham Value investing was established by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, both professors at Columbia Business School and teachers of many famous investors. In Graham's book The Intelligent Investor, he advocated the important concept of margin of safety — first introduced in Security Analysis, a 1934 book he coauthored with David Dodd — which calls for a cautious approach to investing. In terms of picking stocks, he recommended defensive investment in stocks trading below their tangible book value as a safeguard to adverse future developments often encountered in the stock market.

Further evolution

However, the concept of value (as well as "book value") has evolved significantly since the 1970s. Book value is most useful in industries where most assets are tangible. Intangible assets such as patents, software, brands, or goodwill are difficult to quantify, and may not survive the break-up of a company. When an industry is going through fast technological advancements, the value of its assets is not easily estimated. Sometimes, the production power of an asset can be significantly reduced due to competitive disruptive innovation and therefore its value can suffer permanent impairment. One good example of decreasing asset value is a personal computer. An example of where book value does not mean much is the service and retail sectors. One modern model of calculating value is the discounted cash flow model (DCF). The value of an asset is the sum of its future cash flows, discounted back to the present.

Performance, value strategies

Value investing has proven to be a successful investment strategy. There are several ways to evaluate its success. One way is to examine the performance of simple value strategies, such as buying low PE ratio stocks, low price-to-cash-flow ratio stocks, or low price-to-book ratio stocks. Numerous academics have published studies investigating the effects of buying value stocks. These studies have consistently found that value stocks outperform growth stocks and the market as a whole.

Performance, value investors

Another way to examine the performance of value investing strategies is to examine the investing performance of well-known value investors. Simply examining the performance of the best known value investors would not be instructive, because investors do not become well known unless they are successful. This introduces a selection bias. A better way to investigate the performance of a group of value investors was suggested by Warren Buffett, in his May 17, 1984 speech that was published as The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville. In this speech, Buffett examined the performance of those investors who worked at Graham-Newman Corporation and were thus most influenced by Benjamin Graham. Buffett's conclusion is identical to that of the academic research on simple value investing strategies--value investing is, on average, successful in the long run.

During about a 25-year period (1965-90), published research and articles in leading journals of the value ilk were few. Warren Buffett once commented, "You couldn't advance in a finance department in this country unless you taught that the world was flat."

Fannie Mae

So this stock has dropped again...
I am still good overall since I bought most of my shares under $0.70 per share. I like the fact that it has dropped again. Now I can buy more shares for cheaper. Our fearful, I mean fearless, I mean, famous, I mean infamous.... Whatever our Leader Mr. President has now promised unlimited funds for Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac.
This is BAD for us tax payers, but good for me as an investor since I know the US government will not let them fail.
Now that is the kind of stock I want... One that the US Government says will not fail.

My Stocks

My stocks

So far I have purchased shares of Zions Bank (ZION), shares of Fannie Mae (FNM) and shares of Pfizer (PFE).

The Pfizer shares I just purchased this morning at $13.80 per share.
The Zions Bank shares I purchased at $6.91 per share.
The Fannie Mae shares I purchased at $0.81 per share.

So far the Pfizer and the Zions Bank are up. The Zions Bank shares are doing pretty good, almost 100% growth.

Zions Bank and Pfizer are also dividend stocks, so they earn me money even if the share price does not go up. Actually if the share price does not go up I get a higher percentage dividend.

Zions Bank pays a $0.16 dividend.
Pfizer pays a $0.64 dividend.

Fannie Mae has a P/E ratio of: -.03 and a Forward P/E of: -0.24
Pfizer has a P/E ratio of: 12.43 and a Forward P/E of: 6.21
Zions Bank has a P/E ratio of: -2.95 and a Forward P/E of 13.80! How is that for potential!

Also in other news Pfizer (NYSE:PFE) just acquired Wyeth (NYSE:WYE).
With Pfizer posting annual earnings of $43 Billion last year and Wyeth posting earnings of $22 Billion I think Pfizer just grabbed a company that they may have underestimated the size of. Could this be a good or bad thing? I do not know, I think it will end up being a good thing, I just think that it will take a quarter or two before it really takes effect on the stock prices and earnings.

Pfizer (NYSE: PFE) opened at $13.36. So far today, the stock has hit a low of $13.21 and a high of $13.56. PFE is now trading at $13.52, up $0.35 (2.66%). Over the last 52 weeks the stock has ranged from a low of $11.62 to a high of $20.65. PFE shares are rising today after a Standpoint Research analyst initiated the stock at Buy with a $20 price target.

Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac have been in the news a lot recently of course and here is one of the reasons why:
Freddie and Fannie play a more vital role than ever in the U.S. housing market. The Federal Housing Administration now guarantees about a third of new U.S. loans, up from 3% at the height of the housing bubble. Most of the remaining new mortgages are still backed by one of these two. Furthermore, GSE bonds are held in huge numbers by large companies and formidable countries. In other words, allowing Fannie and Freddie to fail on their obligations could cause more losses at major institutions and possibly a foreign relations nightmare. So I do not think that the Government will let them fail, there is too much at stake here.

Please check out my Internet Income Streams blog here:

http://internet-incomestreams.blogspot.com/

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/

Thrill of CD Auctions Lures Investors

Thrill of CD Auctions Lures Investors

(I did not write nor claim any of this article as my own. It was written by the below mentioned person)

By DONNA KARDOS

(The Wall Street Journal)

As the stock market continues to be roiled by volatility, investors are turning to a surefire way to make their money grow, but with a modern twist: certificates of deposit that are auctioned off online.

The yield rates from the auctions aren't always better than the average retail CD rates. Still, investors have been turning to CD auctions for the thrill of the game, the comfort of a fixed rate and the chance that the rate they get might be above average.

MoneyAisle.com and Zions Direct offer two of the most well-known CD auction services. Both only offer CDs from banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., and have seen monthly hits to their sites and auction activity accelerate as the recession continues to affect consumers' investment decisions.

The FDIC currently insures deposits up to $250,000 per depositor per bank, but that coverage is scheduled to drop back to $100,000 in most cases at year's end.

Zions Direct, run by Utah-based regional bank Zions Bancorp, puts the bidding in customers' hands, giving them the chance to bid on CDs offered by multiple banks for terms such as one month, two months, three months, six months and one year. There are no sign-up charges and no broker fees, but investors need to deposit at least $1,000.

MoneyAisle.com asks investors what they want to deposit and for how long, prompting 112 banks to vie for the deposit. The site—which charges banks a fee to participate—chooses the bank that offers the best rate for the investor. It then presents the offer to the investor, who can back out if unsatisfied with the rate.

MoneyAisle Chief Executive Mukesh Chatter says he developed MoneyAisle to counter the idea that consumers have to find the best deals for things they want to buy on their own. "We're removing that burden," he says. Monthly hits to the site have jumped fivefold to more than 75,000 visitors in February from 14,586 visitors in July, its first full month in operation.

David Hemingway, executive vice president of Zions Direct, touts the fact that the Zions auction process—a modified Dutch auction similar to the way the Treasury Department auctions off its Treasury bills— gives investors the chance to control the auction. He says investors can secure CDs at yields higher than those they bid for because the auction gives all winning bidders in each auction the same yield.

In March, the auctions site on Zions Direct received 18,500 visits, more than triple the 5,600 hits it got in March 2008. Auction accounts soared 71% to just under 8,000 bidders in February from a year earlier.

Most banks auctioning CDs via Zions Direct are Zions affiliates, but those that aren't are charged a flat fee to participate. "What we are really interested in is the deposits that come with the new bidders' brokerage accounts," Mr. Hemingway says, though he noted the auctions currently contribute just a small fraction of the parent company's deposit base.

The Zions and MoneyAisle sites also are attracting users seeking entertainment value, says Motley Fool senior analyst Dan Caplinger. "Auctions are kind of fun," he says. "You feel like you're participating in things and getting a bargain you wouldn't otherwise get."

That's not necessarily always the case for CD auctions, though. While some result in better-than-average CD yields, others don't. Still, Zions' Mr. Hemingway points out, "they may not be excited about the yield, but people are happy just not to lose their money."

© 2009 Dow Jones & Company. All Rights Reserved.

Looking for someone?
Then follow this link and find them!
I have used this service for a while now and have found many of my old friends that I have lost contact with over the years. Click on the link type in the name and reconnect!
http://Acme-People-Search.com/1243108874LCOL

Please check out my Internet Income Streams blog here:

http://internet-incomestreams.blogspot.com/

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/

Pfizer information

I have been thinking about and researching Pfizer for a while now. I really like this stock and want to purchase some shares. I wanted to post up some information about the company that I have come across that leads me to really like this stock.

First off they are paying a 9.64% dividend! That is like a 9.64% savings account! Here is some information about the stock.

Beta -- 0.66
Dividend & Yield -- 1.28 (9.64%)
Earnings/Share -- 1.20
Forward P/E -- 5.98
Market Cap. -- 91.12 Bil
P/E -- 11.35
Return on Equity -- 13.11
Total Shares Out. -- 6.74 Bil

Here is some information about the company that I found on MSN Money:

Pfizer Inc. (Pfizer) is a research-based, global pharmaceutical company. The Company discovers, develops, manufactures and markets prescription medicines for humans and animals. It operates in two business segments: Pharmaceutical and Animal Health. Pfizer also operates several other businesses, including the manufacture of gelatin capsules, contract manufacturing and bulk pharmaceutical chemicals. In June 2008, Pfizer completed the acquisition of all remaining outstanding shares of common stock of Encysive Pharmaceuticals, Inc. through a merger of Pfizer's wholly owned subsidiary, Explorer Acquisition Corp., with and into Encysive. In June 2008, it also completed the acquisition of Serenex, Inc., a biotechnology company with a Heat Shock Protein 90 development portfolio. In January 2008, the Company completed the acquisition of Coley Pharmaceutical Group, Inc., a company whose area of capability is immunotherapy with emphasis on Toll-like receptor research and development.

Here is their contact information:

235 East 42nd StreetNew York NY 10017
http://www.pfizer.com/
Phone: 212-5732323
Fax: 212-5737851
Industry : Drug Manufacturers - Major
Employees : 81,800
Exchange : NYSE


Pfizer Declares Q2 2009 Dividend
April 23, 2009
The Board of Directors of Pfizer declared $0.16 second-quarter 2009 dividend on the Company's common stock, payable June 2, 2009, to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 8, 2009.
So if you buy before May 8th 2009 you will receive $0.16 per share on June 2nd 2009.

Please check out my Internet Income Streams blog here:

http://internet-incomestreams.blogspot.com/

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/

Real investing and finance information

I apologize to the readers of this blog that came here for investment information. I have been side tracked by these Pay Per Click, Pay to Post, and paid survey sites. I am going to get this blog back to talking about real investing, finance, and money making.

I have been talking to a person I met recently at work and his ideas for some stock purchases are Marvel and Hasbro due to the upcoming motion pictures that will hit theaters soon. I have done some checking and they might be a good option to invest in.

He also mentioned that Fannie Mae may not be that good. One thing he told me that I did not know was that the Government mandated them to come up with 5 Million in liquid assets. They did not know why because they are doing fine as a company. They only have a 2% default rate on their loans, and they own 70% of the home mortgages in the US. So the other 38% of defaulted loans come from the other 30% of all companies that loan money. That means that those companies are in big trouble.

The Government also issued themselves 10,000 shares of Preferred stock in Fannie Mae when they had come up with the 5 million in liquid assets. So what that says is that when and if anyone makes money from Fannie Mae the Government will get paid first due to the preferred shares vs the common shares that most of us own.

I still think that Fannie Mae is a viable option for investors. I am confident that they will recover and bring in nice profits to common and preferred share holders.

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/

Companies for financial products

Here are the companies I currently use to do my investing through. They consist of a Bank (Zions Bank), a Brokerage firm (Zions Direct) and a Mutual fund company (Vanguard).

Zions Bank

https://www.zionsbank.com/

I use Zions bank because it has been in business since 1873, it is a very stable bank with good rates and a very good business ethic.

A brief history of Zions First National Bank On July 10, 1873, Zion's Savings Bank and Trust Company was incorporated under the laws of the Utah Territory under the direction of Brigham Young, becoming Utah's first chartered savings bank and trust company. During its first day of business on October 1, 1873, the bank's cashier and tellers recorded deposits of $5,876.20. The bank prospered and grew, surviving its only major threat – the depression caused by the stock market crash of 1929.

A major event happened on December 31, 1957. Zion's Savings Bank and Trust Company (1873), Utah Savings and Trust Company (1889) and First National Bank of Salt Lake City (1890) merged to form Zions First National Bank. The newly enlarged institution had a total of $109.5 million in deposits. At this time, the long-familiar apostrophe in Zion's was dropped.

In early 1960, authorities of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints decided to divest itself of its banking interests, and on April 22, 1960, the Church sold majority control of Zions First National Bank to Keystone Insurance and Investment Company. Keystone was owned by a group of businessmen headed by Leland B. Flint, Roy W. Simmons and Judson S. Sayre. At the time of the sale, the Bank had total deposits of just under $120 million.

On February 17, 1961, Zions First National Investment Company was incorporated in Nevada and became the majority owner of the bank stock controlled by the Keystone group. In 1965, the name of the investment company was changed to Zions Bancorporation.

Today, Zions Bancorporation operates full-service banking offices in ten Western states – Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah and Washington. Zions Bank operates 114 full-service branches throughout Utah, 24 full-service branches in Idaho, and nearly 200 ATMs in the two states. In addition to a wide range of traditional banking services, Zions offers a comprehensive array of investment and mortgage services, and has a network of loan origination offices for small businesses nationwide. The company is also a leader in providing electronic banking services, including electronic municipal bond trading. Founded in 1873, Zions has been serving the communities of the Intermountain West for more than 130 years.

From the vision of founder Brigham Young to the reality of one of the nation's most impressive banking organizations, Zions continues to be a pioneer in banking.

Zions Direct

https://zd.zionsdirect.com/

This is the company I chose to use as my online brokerage account. They charge $10.95 per trade which is competitive, and offer a really good range of products.

Why Zions Direct?

Everyday great value guaranteed! Trade stock and bonds online for $10.95 regardless of the size of trade or how many trades you place per month, quarter, or year. Compare Zions Direct to online brokers.

You are in control! Trade stock, bonds, and mutual funds at everyday low prices and get up to the minute news, research, and planning tools to help you make intelligent investment decisions. They provide the tools - you call the shots.

Convenience - Access your account anywhere - tools to plan and invest! They provide the online access and the tools for you to manage your portfolio; however, if you ever need assistance with handling a trade or customer service on your account, you can always contact an experienced Zions Direct Service Representative between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. MST at 1-800-524-8875.

Opening an account is easy! Click here to view account types and ways to apply. Consolidate your accounts - transfer your online brokerage account to Zions Direct.

BRIEF HISTORY

Zions Bancorporation originated as Keystone Insurance and Investment Co., a Utah corporation, on April 25, 1955. In April 1960, Keystone, together with several other individuals, acquired a 57.5 percent interest in Zions First National Bank from the LDS Church.

On April 23, 1965, the name of the company was changed to Zions Bancorporation. However, later that year the name was changed to Zions Utah Bancorporation. The first public offering of shares in Zions Bancorporation was made in January 1966. There continued to be some minority shareholders in Zions First National Bank until April 7, 1972 when the company exchanged the remaining minority shares for common shares. In April 1987, Zions Utah Bancorporation again changed its name to Zions Bancorporation.

TOTAL ASSETS

$52.9 billion (as of December 31, 2007)


OWNERSHIP

Zions Bancorporation is a publicly traded company. The company's common shares are traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol "ZION." The Company had 106,720,884 shares of common stock outstanding at the close of business on December 31, 2007.

Vanguard

https://personal.vanguard.com/us/home?fromPage=portal

I use Vanguard Mutual Fund company for their selection of funds available, and for their very low fees. They offer some of the lowest fees of any mutual fund company.

For a complete list of their funds visit their home page.

Our mission statement
Vanguard's mission is to help clients reach their financial goals by being the world's highest-value provider of investment products and services.

Corporate headquarters-Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Founded-May 1, 1975

First fund-Wellington Fund (inception date: July 1, 1929)

U.S. offices-Charlotte, North Carolina,Scottsdale, Arizona and Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

International offices-Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Brussels, Belgium, London, England, Melbourne, Australia, Paris, France, Seoul, South Korea, Singapore, Sydney, Australia,
Tokyo, Japan and Zurich, Switzerland

Total assets-Approximately $1 trillion in U.S. mutual funds (as of December 31, 2008)

Number of funds-150 domestic funds (including variable annuity portfolios); plus additional funds in international markets

Number of employees-12,500 in United States

Average expense ratio-0.20% (expenses as a percentage of 2008 average net assets)

Mailing address-P.O. Box 2600, Valley Forge, PA 19482

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/

Financial information and links

I just wanted to post some links to my favorite financial and money management sites. I have learned a lot from these sites. They are a really good source of knowledge for when you start investing, or if you already invest they will help you find out what are some good investments.

MSN Money-http://moneycentral.msn.com/

This site has a lot of good features. I use it to look up stock prices, and to do research on companies I am interested in.

Fool.com- http://www.fool.com/

This site is really good for research on companies and for gaining insight into different investment options. They have several paid services also, but they offer enough information for free that I do not see the point in paying for their services.

Investopedia- http://www.investopedia.com/?viewed=1

They have a lot of financial advice available on their site as well. It is another good source for financial information. They have simulators that you can use to see how well you would do at different kinds of investing as well as many articles and tutorials to help you learn about investing.

Wealth Intelligence Academy- http://wiacademy.com/

They offer classes on many different topics and investment opportunities.

The Street.com- http://www.thestreet.com/

They offer their stock picks, videos, investing A-Z, a personal finance section, business news and portfolio tools.

Google Finance- http://www.google.com/finance

They offer real time stock prices as well as many different kinds of investment information.

CNN Money- http://money.cnn.com/

They offer Business news, Market information, Information on personal finance, Retirement information, Technology, Luxury and Small business.

Of course there are many others, but these are where I spend most of my time when I am doing research for my investments.

Link to the 1st post in this series that has links to all the other posts:

My quest for financial freedom: Back ground for this quest

Main link to this blog:

http://quest-for-financial-freedom.blogspot.com/